{"id":2063,"date":"2018-09-26T10:25:53","date_gmt":"2018-09-26T15:25:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/?page_id=2063"},"modified":"2019-01-31T16:54:11","modified_gmt":"2019-01-31T21:54:11","slug":"pigments-in-16th-century-miniatures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/fabrics-and-colors\/making-the-case-for-pink-and-orange\/pigments-in-16th-century-miniatures\/","title":{"rendered":"Pigments in 16th-Century Miniatures"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Using paintings to determine what colors people wore is tempting, but it has one major flaw: Dyes and painting pigments don&#8217;t match. If an artist couldn&#8217;t depict a color, he wasn&#8217;t going to show people wearing it, no matter how common it was. Conversely, if a particular paint was costly, he might use it more, regardless of how common that color was in reality.<\/p>\n<p>This is a collection of notes about which pigments were available in 16th-century Ottoman Turkey, what range of colors they produced, and how expensive each pigment was. In time, I hope it will answer some questions about the relationship between painting pigments and fabric dyes.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/0039363015Z.000000000223\">MOLAB\u00ae meets Persia: Non-invasive study of a sixteenth-century illuminated manuscript<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Chiara Anselmi, Paola Ricciardi, David Buti, Aldo Romani, Patrizia Moretti, Kristine Rose Beers, Brunetto Giovanni Brunetti, Costanza Miliani &amp; Antonio Sgamellotti (2015) MOLAB\u00ae meets Persia: Non-invasive study of a sixteenth-century illuminated manuscript, Studies in Conservation, 60:sup1, S185-S192, DOI: 10.1179\/0039363015Z.000000000223<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Blue: Ultramarine<\/li>\n<li>Red: Cinnabar<\/li>\n<li>White: Lead white<\/li>\n<li>Pink: An insect-derived anthraquinone dye<\/li>\n<li>Light Purple: An insect-derived anthraquinone dye, mixture of dye and Ultramarine<\/li>\n<li>Yellow: Orpiment<\/li>\n<li>Black (and Grey): Carbon-based black (and Lead white)<\/li>\n<li>Orange: Minium, mixture of minium and= orpiment<\/li>\n<li>Brown: Haematite, haematite and orpiment<\/li>\n<li>Green: Verdigris, Vergaut (a mixture of indigo and orpiment), a mixture of Indigo and a copper- based green?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/maajournal.com\/Issues\/2014\/Vol14-1\/Full25.pdf\">Depictions of Prophet Solomon in Christian Icons and Ottoman Miniature Art<\/a><br \/>\nE.A. \u015earlak &amp; R. Onurel. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 14, No 1, pp. 321-345<\/p>\n<p>This article summarizes several Turkish-language resources that would otherwise be unavailable to me. Unfortunately, the authors are less concerned than I am with documenting the specific dates each pigment was used. The images analyzed date to c. 1490, 1558, 1586, and 1595-1600, so the research should apply to the 16th century.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Red: Red lead; vermilion or mercuric sulfide (from cinnabar), lacquer, cochineal (probably meaning kermes), madder, alder<\/li>\n<li>Green: Copper acetate, called jengar or zangar; copper (II) sulfate or saffron; copper (II) sulfate and gallnut juice<\/li>\n<li>Blue: Indigo; copper sulphate, also called eyestone or blue vitriol; ultramarine<\/li>\n<li>White: White lead<\/li>\n<li>Black Outlines: Lampblack<\/li>\n<li>Sketched Initial Outlines: Terre de sienne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"citation__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrs.1115\">Analysis of the palette of a precious 16th century illuminated Turkish manuscript by Raman microscopy<\/a><\/p>\n<p>A. Coccato, D. Bersani, A. Coudray, J. Sanyova, L. Moens and P. Vandenabeele, Raman spectroscopy of green minerals and reaction products with an application in Cultural Heritage research, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 47, 12, (1429-1443), (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jrs.4956\">Wiley Online Library<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Analysis of Hu:rev U: Sirin, a manuscript kept in the British Library. The authors do a lousy job of dating the manuscript, giving the date simply as &#8220;16th century&#8221; but then noting that it was incomplete at the time of the (undated) artist&#8217;s death and stating that it was dedicated to Murad II, who died in 1451.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Red: Red lead; vermilion; red lead and vermilion; some realgar<\/li>\n<li>Dark pink: Vermilion<\/li>\n<li>Pink: Vermilion (only for dark shades?); an unidentified pigment<\/li>\n<li>Yellow: Pararealgar; realgar<\/li>\n<li>Green: dark green, indigo and orpiment; dark green, indigo; malachite and azurite; lazurite; lighter greens, lazurite and white lead; one unidentifiable pigment<\/li>\n<li>Blue: Lazurite (ultramarine), described as costly; indigo in a few spots; occasionally a mixture of lazurite and indigo<\/li>\n<li>Light blue: Indigo with small amounts of lazurite and lead white<\/li>\n<li>Light violet: Unidentified pigment<\/li>\n<li>Brown: See below. There were many, many ways to make brown.<\/li>\n<li>Black: Carbon black (lampblack)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Colors achieved with different pigments:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lazurite: Intense blue, light green<\/li>\n<li>Malachite: azurite: Green<\/li>\n<li>Red lead: Red-brown<\/li>\n<li>Lead white: White<\/li>\n<li>Carbon black: Black<\/li>\n<li>Indigo + orpiment: Green<\/li>\n<li>Vermilion: Magenta, light pink, brown<\/li>\n<li>Vermilion + red lead: Red, brown<\/li>\n<li>Vermilion + orpiment: Brown<\/li>\n<li>Red lead + pararealgar: Light brown<\/li>\n<li>Pararealgar: Brownish red<\/li>\n<li>Vermilion + pararealgar: Brown<\/li>\n<li>Indigo: Dark green, blue<\/li>\n<li>Realgar: Yellow, brown<\/li>\n<li>Vermilion + realgar: Brown<\/li>\n<li>Indigo + lazurite: Blue<\/li>\n<li>Red lead + vermilion + indigo + lazurite: Brown<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Articles to Follow Up On<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>https:\/\/library.brown.edu\/cds\/minassian\/essay_production.html<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/d-scholarship.pitt.edu\/11954\/1\/a-baker-04-pigments.pdf &#8211; explains how pigments common in medieval European manuscripts were prepared. Since the overlap between European and Ottoman pigments was significant, this is a useful resource.<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/sproc.org\/ojs\/index.php\/pntsbs\/article\/view\/282 &#8211; promising, but I need to locate the full article to date the pigments.<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdfplus\/10.1021\/bk-2013-1147.ch001<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/cool.conservation-us.org\/jaic\/articles\/jaic30-02-002.html<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/guides.library.columbia.edu\/c.php?g=202887&amp;p=2554839<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/ctlsites.uga.edu\/hargretthoursproject\/pink-pigment-comes-from-where\/<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/digitalcommons.cnr.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&amp;context=facpubs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Using paintings to determine what colors people wore is tempting, but it has one major flaw: Dyes and painting pigments don&#8217;t match. If an artist couldn&#8217;t depict a color, he wasn&#8217;t going to show people wearing it, no matter how common it was. Conversely, if a particular paint was costly,\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/fabrics-and-colors\/making-the-case-for-pink-and-orange\/pigments-in-16th-century-miniatures\/\">Continue reading<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2211,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2063","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-fabrics-and-colors"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2063","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2063"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2063\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2072,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2063\/revisions\/2072"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2063"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2063"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2063"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}