{"id":2179,"date":"2018-11-02T12:05:27","date_gmt":"2018-11-02T17:05:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/?page_id=2179"},"modified":"2021-08-16T12:08:14","modified_gmt":"2021-08-16T17:08:14","slug":"methods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/turkish-names\/muslim-names\/the-ladies-of-istanbul\/methods\/","title":{"rendered":"Methods"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>To sort the names into\nclassifications, I made the following assumptions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The patronym \u201cAbdullah\u201d indicates conversion to\nIslam, so all slaves named \u201cbt. Abdullah\u201d were converts.<\/li><li>Slaves were allowed to keep their birth names\nuntil they converted, so any slave with a recognizably Ottoman Turkish name was\na convert, even if the record did not give their patronymic.<\/li><li>The people who named freeborn converts had an\ninterest in establishing new Muslims as respectable members of free society.<\/li><li>Slavery was stigmatized. Freeborn people did not\nwant to bear the names of slaves.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>With these assumptions in mind, I examined the table of name frequencies and developed this list of rules:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>If\na name is borne only by freeborn women, or by both free and ambiguous women,\nthen it is a free woman\u2019s name. <em>The\nambiguous women who bear it are most likely freeborn converts.<\/em><\/li><li>If\na name is borne only by slaves, or only by slaves and ambiguous women, then it\nis a slave name. <em>The ambiguous women who\nbear it are most likely freed slaves.<\/em><\/li><li>If\na name is borne by both freeborn and slave women, the frequency determines the\nname classification.<ol><li>If there is a clear majority of free women, the\nname is free. <em>Kamer belongs to 16 free\nwomen, 12 ambiguous converts, and 6 slaves. Kamer is a free name, albeit one\nthat\u2019s uncommonly popular among slaves as well.<\/em><\/li><\/ol><ol><li>If there is a clear majority of slaves, the name\nis marked in the name frequency table as \u201ctilted toward slave,\u201d and is classed\nas ambiguous in the complete list of names. <em>All\nthe names with a clear majority of slaves also had a significant percentage of\nfreeborn women, so the names were acceptable to freeborn women despite the\nassociation with slavery. However, the association with slavery was too strong\nto ignore.<\/em><\/li><\/ol><ol><li>If the same number of slave and free women bear\nthe name, or the spread otherwise makes it difficult to determine a clear\nmajority, the name is marked \u201cambiguous\u201d in the table and is classed as\nambiguous in the complete list of names.<\/li><\/ol><\/li><li>If\na name is borne only by ambiguous converts, it is marked \u201cprobably slave\u201d in\nthe name frequency table and is listed in the Likely Slave Name section of the\ncomplete list of names. <em>This\ndetermination was made based on a comparison of the names with the known free\nand slave names.<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>To sort the names into classifications, I made the following assumptions: The patronym \u201cAbdullah\u201d indicates conversion to Islam, so all slaves named \u201cbt. Abdullah\u201d were converts. Slaves were allowed to keep their birth names until they converted, so any slave with a recognizably Ottoman Turkish name was a convert, even\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/turkish-names\/muslim-names\/the-ladies-of-istanbul\/methods\/\">Continue reading<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2166,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2179","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-ottoman-turkish-names"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2179"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2180,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2179\/revisions\/2180"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2166"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issendai.com\/16thcenturyistanbul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}